Process for the synthesis of derivatives of 2, 3-dihydro-1, 4-dioxino- [2, 3-f] quinoline

ABSTRACT

Methods of preparing compounds of Formula I                  
 
are provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/145,369. filed May 14, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,693,197, which claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/291,547, filed May 17, 2001, the entireties of both applications are herein incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a novel process of producing derivatives of 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxino[2,3-f]quinoline in a highly convergent and efficient manner, as well as intermediates thereof. Compounds of the present invention are SSRI/5-HT_(1A) antagonists useful for the treatment of diseases which are caused or affected by disorders of the serotonin-affected neurological systems such as depression, including childhood depression, obsessive compulsive disorders, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorders, sexual dysfunction, eating disorders such as bulimia, obesity, addictive disorders caused by ethanol or cocaine abuse and dysthymia as described in copending application 60/275,564 filed Mar. 14, 2001.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention is provided methods of making compounds of Formula I:

wherein

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, cyano, carboxamido, carboalkoxy         of two to six carbon atoms, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms,         alkanoyloxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, mono- or         di-alkylamino in which each alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms,         alkanamido of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or alkanesulfonamido of 1 to         6 carbon atoms;     -   R², R³, R⁴, and R⁶ are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxy, halo,         cyano, carboxamido, carboalkoxy of two to six carbon atoms,         trifluoromethyl, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 6         carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, mono-         or di-alkylamino in which each alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon         atoms, alkanamido of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or alkanesulfonamido         of 1 to 6 carbon atoms     -   R⁵ is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms;     -   A dotted line represents an optional double bond;     -   A and D are selected from carbon, substituted by R¹, and         nitrogen, provided that at least one of A and D is nitrogen;     -   E and G are carbon, substituted by R¹; and     -   Z is N or CR⁶;         or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, comprising the         steps of:

-   a) halogenating a compound of the formula:

-   -   wherein R′ is alkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms;

-   with a halogenating reagent to afford a compound of the formula:

-   -   wherein X is Br, Cl, or I;

-   b) dealkylating the compound of Formula 3 in an acid to afford a     compound of the formula:

-   c) alkylating the compound of Formula 4 with R″ protected glycidyl     ethers

-    wherein R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl to afford compound of     the formula:

-   d) cyclizing the compound of Formula 5 with palladium or copper     catalyst to afford a compound of the formula:

-   e) debenzylating the compound of Formula 6 to afford the compound of     the formula:

-   f) activating the hydroxy moiety of the compound of Formula 7 with a     sulfonating reagent to afford a compound of the formula:

-    wherein R′″ is an aryl-, or alkyl- sulfonate and -   g) coupling the compound of Formula 8 with the appropriate     azaheterocycle of Formula 9

-    in the presence of base to provide a compound of Formula I.

In alternative embodiments of the present invention the hydroxy moiety of compounds of Formula 7 may be activated to halide to afford a compound of the formula:

wherein X is I, Br, or Cl and the compound of Formula 10 may be coupled with the appropriate azaheterocycle of Formula 9

in the presence of base to provide a compound of Formula I.

In other embodiments of the present invention are provided methods of making compounds of Formula I

comprising the steps of:

-   a) halogenating a compound of the formula:

-   -   wherein R′ is alkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms;

-   with a halogenating reagent in a solvent to afford a compound of the     formula:

-   -   wherein X is Br, Cl, or I;

-   b) dealkylating the compound of Formula 3 in an acid to afford a     compound of the formula:

-   c) alkylating the compound of Formula 4 with R″ protected glycidyl     ethers

-    wherein R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl to afford compound of     the formula:

-   d) cyclizing the compound of Formula 5 with palladium or copper     catalyst to afford a compound of the formula:

-   e) debenzylating the compound of Formula 6 to afford the compound of     the formula:

-   f) activating the hydroxy moiety of the compound of Formula 7 with a     sulfonating reagent to afford a compound of the formula:

-    wherein R′″ is an aryl- or alkyl-sulfonate; and -   g) coupling the compound of Formula 8 with the appropriate     azaheterocycle of Formula 9

-    in the presence of base to provide a compound of Formula I.

In alternative embodiments of the present invention the hydroxy moiety of compounds of Formula 7 may be activated to halide to afford a compound of the formula:

wherein X is I, Br, or Cl and the compound of Formula 10 may be coupled with the appropriate azaheterocycle of Formula 9

in the presence of base to provide a compound of Formula I.

In some embodiments of the present invention is provided a method of making a compound of Formula Ia

comprising the steps:

-   a) halogenating a compound of the formula:

-   -   wherein R′ is alkyl of 1–6 carbon atoms;

-   with a halogenating reagent to afford a compound of the formula:

-   -   wherein X is Br, Cl, or I;

-   b) dealkylating the compound of Formula 3a in an acid to afford a     compound of the formula:

-   c) alkylating the compound of Formula 4a with R″ protected glycidyl     ethers

-    wherein R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl; to afford a compound of     the formula:

-   d) cyclizing the compound of Formula 5a with palladium or copper     catalyst to afford a compound of the formula:

-   e) debenzylating the compound of Formula 6a to afford a compound of     the formula:

-   f) activating the hydroxy moiety of the compound of Formula 7a with     a sulfonating reagent to afford a compound of the formula:

-    wherein R′″ is an aryl- or alkyl-sulfonate; and -   g) coupling the compound of Formula 8a with     3-tetrahydropyridinyl-indole in the presence of base to provide a     compound of Formula Ia.

Alternatively, the hydroxy moiety of compounds of Formula 7a may be activated to halide to afford a compound of Formula 10a

wherein X is I, Br, or Cl and the compound of Formula 10a may be coupled with 3-tetrahydropyridinyl-indole in the presence of base to provide a compound of Formula Ia.

In accordance with other aspects of the invention is provided a method of preparing compounds of Formula 5:

wherein A, D, E, G, X and R″ are as defined for Formula I and R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl, comprising alkylating the compound of Formula 4

with R″ protected glycidyl ethers

wherein R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl. In some embodiments of the invention A is nitrogen, D is carbon substituted with methyl, and E and G are unsubstituted carbon.

Further in accordance with the present invention is provided a method of preparing compound of Formula 6

where A, D, E and G are as defined for Formula I, and R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl, comprising the step of cyclizing a compound of Formula 5

with palladium or copper catalyst. In some embodiments of the invention A is nitrogen, D is carbon substituted with methyl, and E and G are unsubstituted carbon.

Further in accordance with the invention is provided a method of preparing compound of Formula 8

wherein A, D, E and G are defined as for Formula I and R′″ is an aryl- or alkyl-sulfonate; comprising activating the hydroxy moiety of the compound of Formula 7

with a sulfonating reagent. In some embodiments of the invention A is nitrogen, D is carbon substituted with methyl, and E and G are unsubstituted carbon.

Further in accordance with the invention is provided a method of preparing compound of Formula 10

wherein A, D, E and G are as defined for Formula I, and X is I, Cl or Br, comprising activating compound of Formula 7

to halide with halophosphorous such as phosphorous triiodide, phosphorous tribromide or phosphorous pentachloride, or with thionyl halide or any standard halogenating reagent.

Further in accordance with the present invention is provided a method of preparing compound of Formula 7

wherein A, D, E and G are as defined Formula I, comprising debenzylating a compound of Formula 6

where R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl.

In some embodiments of the invention A is nitrogen, D is carbon substituted with methyl and E and G are unsubstituted carbon.

In some embodiments of the invention compound of Formula 2

is halogenated with a halogenating agent such as N-halosuccinimide wherein halo means bromo-, chloro-, or iodo- in a suitable solvent such as acetonitrile.

In other embodiments of the invention compound of Formula 3

is demethylated with a Lewis acid in a solvent or a strong protic acid. Preferred Lewis acids include, but are not limited to, boron tribromide, boron trichloride, aluminum trichloride, ferric chloride, trimethylsilyl iodine. The preferred solvent is methylene chloride. Strong protic acids include, but are not limited to, HBr and HCI.

Compound of Formula 4

may be alkylated with R″ protected glycidyl ethers

wherein R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl in a polar solvent. For instance R″ may be benzyl, 4-bromobenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, 2- or 4-nitrobenzyl, or 4-methoxyphenyl.

Exemplary polar solvents useful in alkylation of compounds of Formula 4 include dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylforamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA).

Alkylation may be performed in the presence of a base such as, but not limited to, triethylamine, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate.

Compound of Formula 5 can be cyclized using palladium catalysts such as, but not limited to, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, tetrakis(triphenyl-phosphine)-palladium, or palladium acetate with phosphine ligands including but not limited to (±) 2,2′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP) and separate enantiomers thereof; (±) 2,2′-bis(di-p-tolyl-phosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (Tol-BINAP) and separate enantiomers thereof; 1-1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane; and 1,2 bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane in the presence of bases such as sodium hydride (NaH), lithium hydride (LiH), potassium hydride (KH), potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, titanium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium t-butoxide or potassium phosphate tribasic in suitable solvent such as toluene.

Alternatively, compound of Formula 5 can be cyclized with copper catalyst such as copper iodide in the presence of bases such as NaH, LiH, KH in a suitable solvent such as toluene.

Debenzylation of compound of Formula 6 can be carried out with Lewis acids such as boron tribromide, boron trichloride, aluminum trichloride, ferric chloride, trimethylsilyl iodine in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride.

Debenzylation of compound of Formula 6 may also be carried out with strong protic acids such as HBr and HCl, or alternatively, under reductive cleavage conditions using Pd catalyst and hydrogen transfer reagents such as hydrogen, cyclohexene, methyl cyclohexene, or ammonium formate.

The hydroxy moiety of compound of Formula 7 is activated with a sulfonating reagent such as aryl or alkyl sulfonyl chloride or alkyl or aryl sulfonic anhydride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or pyridine in suitable solvents such as methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran (THF), or toluene. Alkyl, as used herein preferably refers to alkyl of 1–6 carbon atom. Aryl, as used herein preferably refers to phenyl. Preferred sulfonating reagents include, but are not limited to p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, 2-, 3- or 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, 2- or 4-bromo-benzenesulfonyl chloride, or trifiluoromethylsulfonic anhydride.

Alternatively the hydroxy moiety of compound of Formula 7 is activated as halogen, such as I, Br or Cl with reagent such as 1₃P, Br₃P Cl₅P or SOCl₂ to provide compound of Formula 10.

Compound of Formula 8 or 10 are coupled with azaheterocycles of Formula 9 including 3-tetrahydropyridinyl-indole in the presence of bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or Hünig's base in suitable polar solvents such as THF, dioxane, DMSO, DMF, or DMA to afford compound of Formula I.

Still further in accordance with the present invention are provided novel intermediates of the formula

wherein:

-   R₇ is hydroxy, alkoxy of 1–6 carbon atoms, or alkoxy of the formula

wherein R₉ is hydroxy, benzyl ether, substituted benzyl ethers such as 4-bromo-benzyl ether, 4-chlorobenzyl ether, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl ether, 2- or 4-nitrobenzyl ether, or 4-methoxyphenyl; and

-   R₈ is halogen or hydrogen; and salts thereof. -   A is nitrogen and D is carbon in preferred intermediates of Formula     II.

Also in accordance with the present invention are novel intermediates of the formula

wherein:

-   R₁₀ is hydroxy, halide or aryl or alkyl sulfonates; and salts     thereof. -   A is nitrogen and D is carbon in preferred intermediates of Formula     III.

Certain compounds of the present invention contain one asymmetric carbon atom, giving rise to enantiomeric forms of the compounds. It is to be understood that the invention encompasses the enantiomers thereof including racemic mixtures.

It is known that compounds possessing a basic nitrogen can be complexed with many different acids (both protic and non-protic). The invention also includes acceptable salt forms formed from the addition reaction with either inorganic or organic acids. Inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI), sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid are useful as well as organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, citric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, phthalic acid, succinic acid, methanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, napthalenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid are useful.

“Halo” as used herein, such as in the term “halosuccinimide” refers to halogen and preferably bromo-, chloro-, or iodo-.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

Thus, in accordance with the present invention is provided a process for preparing in high yield enantiomerically pure compounds of Formula I as well as intermediate thereof.

The process of the present invention can be illustrated by the following reaction scheme (Scheme I), wherein A, D, E, G, R′, R″, R′″, and X are as stated above. The reagents and the solvents for the individual step are given for illustrative purposes only and may be replaced by reagents and solvents known to those skilled in the art.

This process is characterized by high yields and purity of the products and technical convenience. The synthesis of compound I comprises steps that begin with halogenation of 2 with halogenating reagents such as N-halosuccinimide in acetonitrile to give 3. Deprotecting 3 with Lewis acids such as boron tribromide, boron trichloride, aluminum trichloride, ferric chloride, or trimethylsilyl iodide in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride, or with strong protic acids such as HBr and HCl to give the salt of 4. Free base 4 is very water soluble and neutralization is achieved from an Amberlyst A-21 resin slurry in polar solvents such as ethanol or methanol.

Alkylation of 4, either as the free base or as the salt, with benzyl or substituted benzyl protected glycidyl ethers in suitable polar solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), or dimethyl acetamide (DMA) in the presence of bases such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or triethylamine gives 5.

Compound 5 is cyclized using palladium catalysts such as tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, or palladium acetate with ligands from the group consisting of (±) 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP) and separate enantiomers thereof; (±) 2,2′-bis(di-p-tolyl-phosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (Tol-BINAP) and separate enantiomers thereof; 1-1′-bis(diphenyl-phosphino) ferrocene; 1,3-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)propane; and 1,2-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)ethane in the presence of bases such as NaH, LiH, KH, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, titanium carbonate, cesium carbonate, potassium t-butoxide or potassium phosphate tribasic in suitable solvent such as toluene; or alternatively, with copper catalyst such as copper iodide in the presence of bases such NaH, LiH, KH in a suitable solvent such as toluene to afford quinoline 6. Similar dioxanes may also be prepared using the above reagents.

Deprotection of quinoline 6 with Lewis acids such as boron tribromide, boron trichloride, aluminum trichloride, ferric chloride, trimethylsilyl iodide in a suitable solvent such as methylene chloride, or with strong protic acids such as HBr and HCl or under reductive cleavage conditions using Pd catalyst and hydrogen transfer reagents such as hydrogen, cyclohexene, methyl cyclohexene, or ammonium formate to gives 7. The hydroxyl moiety of 7 can be activated with a sulfonating reagent such as an aryl or alkyl sulfonyl chloride or aryl or alkyl sulfonic anhydride such as p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, 2-, 3- or 4-nitro-benzenesulfonyl chloride, 2- or 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride, or trifluoromethylsulfonic anhydride in the presence of bases such as triethylamine or pyridine in suitable solvents such as methylene chloride, THF, or toluene to afford 8. The final coupling of 8 with azaheterocycle 9, prepared by reaction of indole with the hydrochloride salt of 4-piperidone, in the presence of bases such as Hunig's base, potassium carbonate, or sodium carbonate in polar solvents such as THF, dioxane, DMSO, DMF, or DMA affords final compound I.

The following examples illustrate the process of the present invention but are not meant to be limiting thereof.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of 5-Bromo-6-Methoxy-2-Methylquinoline

A solution of 6-methoxy-2-methylquinoline (177 g, 1.02 mol) in acetonitrile (1.77 L) was cooled to 0–3° C. followed by portion-wise addition of N-bromo-succinimide (200 g, 1.12 mol) over a period of 30 min while maintaining the same temperature. The resulted brown slurry was warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for an additional 6 h. The reaction was then quenched by a 10% NaHSO₃ solution (211 mL). The reaction mixture was concentrated to a volume of 600 mL then slowly poured into 0.1 N NaOH (2.5 L). The slurry (pH=9) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h then filtered, washed with water (2×1 L) and dried in a vacuum oven to give 253 g (98.6%) of the title compound as a brown solid.

R_(f)=0.39 (3:7) EtOAc:heptane; ¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 8.30 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H), 2.66 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO) δ 156.9, 153.1, 143.2, 133.6, 129.3, 126.0, 123.6, 117.0, 106.1, 56.9, 24.3; IR (KBr): υ_(max) 3435, 3197, 2943, 2843,1699, 1613, 1599, 1495, 1342, 1305, 1267, 1131, 1067, 968, 870, 811, 629 cm⁻¹; Analysis for C₁₁H₁₀NOBr: Calculated: C, 52.40; H, 3.97; N, 5.56. Found: C, 52.13; H, 3.94; N, 5.61.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of the Hydrobromide Salt of 5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinol

A mixture of 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-methoxyquinoline (30 g, 0.12 mol) in 48% HBr (135 mL) was heated to reflux for 7 h then cooled to 5° C. in 1 h to give a brown and thick slurry. The slurry was stirred at 0–5° C. for 1 h then filtered, washed with EtOAc (2×50 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven to give 34.9 g (92%) of the title compound as a brown solid.

¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 8.26 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO) δ 155.7, 152.0, 142.8, 133.3, 128.9, 126.4, 123.3, 121.2, 103.3, 24.1.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of 5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinol

A slurry of the hydrobromide salt of 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinol (3.4 g, 10.5 mmol) and Amberlyst A-21 ion-exchange resin (1.7 g, pre-washed with MeOH then dried in oven) in MeOH (35 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The mixture was then filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 2.5 g (100%) of a yellow solid.

R_(f)=0.36 (1:1) EtOAc:heptane; ¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 8.26 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H).

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of (2S)-1-(Benzyloxy)-3-[(5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinyl)Oxyl]-2-Propanol

A solution of 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinol (30.1 g, 126 mmol), (R)-benzyl glycidyl ether (24.9 g, 152 mmol) and triethylamine (17.4 g, 172 mmol) in DMA (200 mL) was heated in a 95–98° C. oil bath for 2 days. The solution was cooled and poured into water (300 mL) while stirring. The tan precipitate formed was filtered, washed with water (100 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven to give 37 g (73%) of the title compound as a tan solid.

R_(f)=0.35 (EtOAc); ¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 8.31 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.7Hz, 1H), 7.25–7.36 (m, 5H), 5.28 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 4.22–4.29 (m, 2H), 4.08–4.15 (m, 1H), 3.61–3.73 (m, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO) δ 157.0, 152.7, 143.4, 138.4, 133.7, 129.2, 128.1, 127.4, 127.3, 126.0, 123.6, 118.4, 106.8, 72.4, 71.3, 71.2, 68.1, 24.3; IR (KBr): υ_(max) 3391, 3188, 2938, 2875, 1597, 1497, 1268, 1061, 817, 697 cm⁻¹; Specific rotation=+6.2° (c=1, CH₃OH); Analysis for C₂₀H₂₀BrNO₃: Calculated: C, 59.66; H, 4.97; N, 3.48. Found: C, 59.43; H, 4.97; N, 3.55.

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of (2S)-1-(Benzyloxy)-3-[5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinyl)Oxyl]-2-Propanol from 5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinol Salt

In a rapidly stirred mixture of K₂CO₃ (597 g, 4.32 mol)) in DMF (3 L), HBr salt of 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinol (551 g, 1.73 mol) was added over 30–60 min at rt. After cooling the mixture to room temperature, (R)-benzyl glycidyl ether (353 g, 2.07 mol) was added rapidly. The reaction mixture was then heated to 70° C. for from 50–70 h before cooling to 20–23° C. Water (6.05 L) was added over a period of 30–120 min. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtered cake was washed with additional water (1 L). The solid was then stirred in water (3 L) for 30–40 min and filtered. The filtered cake was washed with water (1 L). The solid obtained was then dried in a vacuum oven (5–0.5 mm Hg) at 65° C. over 8–16 h to give 662 g of the title compound. The crude product was then recrystallized in EtOH (2.5 L) to give 487 g (70%) of the title compound as an off-white solid.

EXAMPLE 6 Palladium Catalyzed Preparation of (2S)-2[(Benzyloxy)methyl]-8-methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2.3-f]Quinoline

A solution of (2S)-1-(benzyloxy)-3-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinyl)oxyl]-2-propanol (10 g, 24.9 mmol), potassium phosphate tribasic (11.4 g, 50 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (280 mg, 1.25 mmol) and racemic BINAP (1.55 g, 2.49 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was heated in a 100–102° C. oil bath for 3 d. The solution was cooled to room temperature then EtOAc (50 mL) and water (50 mL) were added. The reaction mixture was filtered through a bed of celite. The two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 8 g (100%) of the crude product as a brown syrup. The crude product can be carried through the debenzylation step before purification. A sample of the crude mixture was purified on SiO₂, eluted with (3:1) hexane:EtOAc gave the title compound as a yellow oil which solidified upon standing.

R_(f)=0.5 (EtOAc); ¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 8.24 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.27–7.38 (m, 7H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO) δ 156.4, 143.3, 138.1, 137.9, 135.2, 128.4, 128.2, 127.2, 127.4, 121.4, 121.0, 120.9, 118.1, 72.5, 72.4, 68.2, 65.1, 24.5; IR (KBr): υ_(max) 3413, 3280, 3028, 2917, 2886, 3798, 1628, 1601, 1572, 1485, 1453, 1374, 1257, 1100, 1056, 982 cm⁻¹; Specific Rotation=+7.9° (c=1.2, CHCl₃); Analysis for C₂₀H₁₉NO₃: Calculated: C, 74.68; H, 5.91; N, 4.36. Found: C, 74.48; H, 6.03; N, 4.14.

EXAMPLE 7 Copper Catalyzed Preparation of (2S)-2[(Benzyloxy)methyl-8-methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinoline

To a mixture of (2S)-1-(benzyloxy)-3-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinyl)oxyl]-2-propanol (100 g, 0.249 mol) and copper (I) iodide (47.4 g, 0.249 mol) in toluene (2 L), NaH (10.9 g, 0.45 mol) was added in portions at 30–35° C. over 20 min. The reaction mixture was kept at 35° C. for 30 min then heated to 110° C. slowly. After 30 min, the reaction was cooled to 60° C., additional NaH (10.9 g, 0.45 mol) was added. This was warmed to 110° C. for an additional 2 hours then cooled to rt before dropwise addition of water (200 mL). After stirring for 15 min, the mixture was filtered through a bed of celite then washed with toluene (3×50 mL) and water (50 mL). The two layers were separated. The organic layer was extracted with water (100 mL), NH₄OH (100 mL), 25% NaCl (100 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to give 387.6 g of the crude product as a brown syrup. The crude product was carried through to the debenzylation step before purification (see example 10).

EXAMPLE 8 Lewis Acid Catalyzed Preparation of [(2R)-8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinolin-2-yl]Methanol

To a solution of (2R)-2[(benzyloxy)methyl-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinoline (0.74 g, 2.3 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (16 mL) being cooled in an ice-bath, FeCl₃ (1.9 g, 12 mmol) was added. After 1 h, the ice-bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 17 h. CHCl₃ (30 mL) and 1N NaOH (50 mL) were added to result in a suspension which was then filtered. The filtered solid was washed with CH₃OH (50 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo. Purification on SiO₂, eluted with (10:1) CHCl₃:iPrOH gave 0.45 g (84%) of the title compound as an off-white solid.

R_(f)=0.34 (EtOAc); ¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 8.29 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30–7.37 (m, 2H), 5.13 (t, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.43–4.46 (m, 1H), 4.31–4.33 (m, 1H), 4.09–4.14 (m, 1H), 3.70–3.78 (m, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO) δ 156.7, 143.6, 138.4, 135.9, 129.0, 121.7, 121.4, 121.1, 118.5, 78.4, 74.4, 65.6, 60.3, 24.9; IR (KBr): υ_(max) 3200, 2917, 2849, 1628, 1601, 1488, 1374,1341, 1265, 1107, 1079, 1050, 809 cm⁻¹; GC/MS 231, 212, 200, 186, 175, 168, 156, 145, 129, 117, 110, 102, 89, 76, 64, 57, 50, 39, 31.

EXAMPLE 9 Palladium Catalyzed Preparation of [(2S)-8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinolin-2-yl]Methanol

To a solution of (2S)-2[(benzyloxy)methyl-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinoline (0.16 g, 0.5 mmol) in EtOH (1 mL) was added cyclohexene (0.5 mL) then 10% Pd/C (0.016 g, 10 mol %). The mixture was heated to reflux under N₂ for 18 h then cooled and filtered. The catalyst was rinsed with methanol and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford 0.113 g (98%) of the title alcohol as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 8.46 (m, 1H), 7.47 (m, 1H), 7.38–7.31 (m, 2H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 4.36 (m, 1H), 4.18 (m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 2H), 2.68 (s, 3H).

EXAMPLE 10 Protic Acid Catalyzed Preparation of [(2S)-8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinolin-2-yl]Methanol

A mixture of crude (2S)-2[(benzyloxy)methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]-quinoline product mixture (57.6 g, 0.179 mol) from example 7 in toluene (300 mL) was mixed with 20% HCl (436 g, 3.59 mol) and heated at 80° C. After 30 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature. The two layers were separated. A 30% NH₄OH solution (400 mL) was added to the aqueous layer at 10–20° C. to pH 10. This was stirred for 30 min, the solid was filtered, washed with water and recrystallized from CH₃OH (200 mL) to give 25.7 g (61.9%) of the title alcohol as an off-white solid.

EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of [(2R)-8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinolin-2-yl]Methyl 4-Bromobenzenesulfonate

A solution of [(2S)-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinolin-2-yl]-methanol (4.0 g, 17.3 mmol), brosyl chloride (4.86 g, 19.0 mmol), dimethylamino pyridine (20 mg, 0.16 mmol) and triethylamine (3.62 mL, 25.8 mmol) in toluene (40 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then water (20 mL) was added. After 30 min, the two layers were separated. The organic layer was extracted with 8% NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The solid obtained was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (50 mL) and toluene (10 mL) at 80° C., cooled to room temperature over 1 h then filtered, washed with (5:1) IPA:toluene (2×5 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven to give 5.99 g (76.9%) of the title compound as an off-white solid.

¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ 157.9, 144.3, 138.1, 134.7, 132.9, 129.7, 129.6, 129.0, 122.4, 121.7, 121.3, 118.8, 70.7, 67.6, 64.5, 25.4.

EXAMPLE 12 Preparation of [(2R)-8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinolin-2-yl]Methyl 4-Methylbenzenesulfonate

A solution of [(2S)-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinolin-2-yl]-methanol (0.13 g, 0.57 mmol), tosyl chloride (0.16 g, 0.82 mmol) and triethylamine (0.65 mL, 4.7 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. CHCl₃ (30 mL) and H₂O (30 mL) were added. The two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with CHCl₃ (20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification on SiO₂, eluting with (1:1) hexane:EtOAc gave 0.19 g (88%) of the title compound as a brown syrup.

R_(f)=0.43 (CHCl₃:iPrOH); mp: 115–117° C.; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.12 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (m, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.20–7.60 (m, 4H), 4.5–4.6 (m, 1H), 4.2–4.4 (m, 3H), 4.1–4.2 (m, 1H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO) δ 156.9, 145.4, 143.6, 137.9, 134.7, 132.2, 130.4, 128.7, 128.0, 121.8, 121.6, 121.3, 121.3, 118.3, 70.9, 68.6, 64.1, 60.1, 24.9, 21.4, 21.1, 14.4; GC/MS 385, 213, 186, 174, 145, 130, 117, 102, 91, 77, 65, 52, 41, 30; IR (KBr): υ_(max) 3625, 3374, 2924, 1732, 1628, 1601, 1573, 1485, 1359, 1251, 1177, 1096, 1049, 941, 818, 664, 554 cm⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 13 Formation of 3-(1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-Indole

A mixture of indole (1.01 g, 8.59 mmol), 4-piperidone monohydrate hydrochloride (1.99 g, 12.9 mmol) and KOH (1.74 g, 31 mmol) in CH₃OH (9 mL) was heated to reflux for 21 h. After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature, H₂O (14 mL) was added. The suspension was filtered, the solid was washed with (1:1) MeOH:H₂O (20 mL) and air-dried to give 1.49 g (87%) of the title compound as an off-white solid.

¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 11.1 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.3–7.5 (m, 2H), 7.0–7.2 (m, 2H), 6.16 (m, 2H), 3.3–3.5 (m, 2 H), 2.9 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.38 (m, 2H); ¹³CNMR(DMSO) δ 137.0, 130.1, 124.7, 122.3, 121.1, 120.1, 119.9, 119.1, 116.7, 111.7, 45.0, 43.0, 40.1, 39.9, 39.7, 39.5, 39.3, 39.3, 39.1, 38.9, 28.3.

EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of (2S)-2-[4-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-3,6-Dihydro-2H-Pyridin-1-ylmethyl]-8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro-1,4-Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinoline

A solution of [(2R)-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinolin-2-yl]methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (0.192 g, 0.499 mmol), 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin4-yl)-1H-indole (0.119 g, 0.601 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (0.104 g, 0.753 mmol) in (1:1) THF:DMF (1.4 mL) was heated to 80–83° C. for 10 h. After this time, H₂O (3 mL) was added and the suspension was filtered. The filtered solid was washed with CH₃OH (2×3 mL), Et₂O (2×5 mL) and air-dried to give 0.148 g (72%) of the title compound as a tan solid.

R_(f)=0.18 (EtOAc); ¹H NMR (DMSO) δ 11.1 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J-7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.25–7.50 (m, 4H), 6.9–7.2 (m, 2H), 6.14 (s, 1H), 4.4–4.7 (m, 2H), 4.04.2 (m, 1H), 2.7–3.0 (m, 4H), 2.4–2.7 (m, 8H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO) δ 156.8, 146.8, 143.6, 138.4, 137.3, 135.6, 130.0, 128.9, 125.0, 123.1, 121.8, 121.6, 121.5, 121.2, 120.4, 119.6, 118.5, 117.9, 116.2, 112.1, 72.1, 66.8, 58.0, 53.8, 51.1, 28.9, 24.9; IR (KBr): υ_(max) 3410 3240, 3059, 2848, 1601, 1484, 1403, 1352, 1255, 1096, 982, 818, 745 cm⁻¹.

EXAMPLE 15 Preparation of (2S)-2-[4-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-3,6-Dihydro-2H-Pyridin-1-ylmethyl]-8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro-1,4-Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinoline

A solution of [(2R)-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinolin-2-yl]methyl 4-bromobenzenesulfonate (2.0 g, 4.44 mmol), 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole (1.01 g, 5.09 mmol) and diisopropylethyl amine (0.86 g, 6.65 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL) was heated to 80–83° C. After 10 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to 65–70° C. before CH₃OH (3 mL) was added. The resulted suspension was cooled to room temperature, filtered, washed with CH₃OH and dried in a vacuum oven to give 1.3 g (71%) of the title compound as a yellow solid.

EXAMPLE 16 Preparation of (2R)-1-(Benzyloxy)-3-[5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinyl)Oxyl]-2-Propanol from 5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinol

A solution of 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinol (2.50 g, 10.5 mmol), (S)-benzyl glycidyl ether (2.1 g, 12.8 mmol) and triethylamine (0.54 g, 5.3 mmol) in DMA (25 mL) was heated in a 80–83° C. oil bath for 2 d. The solution was cooled and poured into water (20 mL) while stirring. The tan precipitate formed was filtered, washed with water (10 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven to give 3.0 g (71%) of the title compound as a tan solid.

EXAMPLE 17 Preparation of 1-(Benzyloxy)-3-[5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinyl)Oxyl]-2-Propanol from 5-Bromo-2-Methyl-6-Quinolinol Salt

A solution of 5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinol (1.0 g, 4.2 mmol), benzyl glycidyl ether (0.83 g, 5.1 mmol) and triethylamine (0.21 g, 2.1 mmol) in DMA (15 mL) was heated in a 90–95° C. oil bath for 18 h. The solution was cooled and poured into water (30 mL) and Et₂O (100 mL). The two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with Et₂O (2×50 mL). The organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give 1.3 g (74%) of the titled compound as a tan solid.

EXAMPLE 18 Palladium Catalyzed Preparation of (2R)-2[(Benzyloxy)methyl]-8-methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinoline

A mixture of (2R)-1-(benzyloxy)-3-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinyl)oxyl]-2-propanol (2.9 g, 7.2 mmol) and NaH (0.48 g, 12 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) was stirred in a 50–52° C. oil bath for 40 min. This was then canulated into a mixture of Pd(OAc)₂ (82 mg, 0.36 mmol) and racemic BINAP (451 mg, 0.724 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) in a 50–52° C. oil bath. The resulted reaction mixture was degassed 3 times with Ar before heated to 100–102° C. in an oil bath. After 20 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then sat'd NH₄Cl (60 mL) and EtOAc (60 mL) were added. This was stirred for 20 min before filtering through a bed of celite. The two layers were separated. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification on SiO₂, eluting with (3:1) hexane:EtOAc gave 1.4 g (56%) of the title compound as a brown oil.

EXAMPLE 19 Palladium Catalyzed Preparation of 2[(Benzyloxy)methyl]-8-methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinoline

A mixture of 1-(benzyloxy)-3-[5-bromo-2-methyl-6-quinolinyl)oxyl]-2-propanol (1.1 g, 2.7 mmol) and NaH (175 mg, 4.4mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was stirred in a 50–52° C. oil bath for 30 min. This was then canulated into a mixture of Pd(OAc)₂ (31 mg, 0.14 mmol) and (R)-Tol-BINAP (186 mg, 0.274 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) in a 50–52° C. oil bath. The resulted reaction mixture was degassed 3 times with Ar before heated to 100–102° C. in an oil bath. After 18 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature then sat'd NH₄Cl (30 mL) and EtOAc (30 mL) were added. This was filtered through a bed of celite. The two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification on SiO₂, eluting with (3:1) hexane:EtOAc gave 0.52 g (58%) of the title compound as a yellow oil.

EXAMPLE 20 Preparation of [8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinolin-2-yl]Methyl 4-Methylbenzenesulfonate

A solution of [8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinolin-2-yl]-methanol (0.13 g, 0.57 mmol), tosyl chloride (0.16 g, 0.82 mmol) and triethylamine (0.65 mL, 4.7 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. CHCl₃ (30 mL) and H₂O (30 mL) were added. The two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with CHCl₃ (20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification on SiO₂, eluting with (1:1) hexane:EtOAc gave 0.19 g (88%) of the title compound as a brown syrup.

R_(f)=0.44 (EtOAc); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 8.12 (d, J=8.6Hz, 1H), 7.76 (m, 2H), 7.51 (d, J=9Hz, 1H), 7.20–7.60 (m, 4H), 4.5–4.6 (m, 1H), 4.2–4.4 (m, 3H), 4.1–4.2 (m, 1H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H).

EXAMPLE 21 Lewis Acid Catalyzed Preparation of [8-Methyl-2,3-Dihydro[1,4]Dioxino[2,3-f]Quinolin-2-yl]Methanol

To a solution of 2[(benzyloxy)methyl-8-methyl-2,3-dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]quinoline (0.30 g, 0.94 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) being cooled in an ice-bath, FeCl₃ (0.77 g, 4.7 mmol) was added. After 1 h, the ice-bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for another 4 h. CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and 1; N, NaOH (25 mL) were added to result in a suspension which was then filtered. The filtered solid was washed with CH₃OH (50 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated in vacuo. Purification on SiO₂, eluted with (10:1) CHCl₃:iPrOH gave 0.15 g (68%) of the title compound as an off-white solid. 

1. A method of preparing a compound of Formula 6

R¹ is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, cyano, carboxamido, carboalkoxy of two to six carbon atoms, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino in which each alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanamido of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or alkanesulfonamido of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A and D are selected from carbon substituted by R¹ and nitrogen, provided that at least one of A and D is nitrogen; E and G are carbon, substituted by R¹; and R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl, comprising the step of cyclizing a compound of Formula 5

wherein X is Br, Cl or I; with palladium or copper catalyst.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is a palladium catalyst.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein A is nitrogen and D is carbon.
 4. A method of preparing a compound of Formula 10

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, cyano, carboxamido, carboalkoxy of two to six carbon atoms, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino in which each alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanamido of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or alkanesulfonamido of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A and D are selected from carbon substituted by R¹ and nitrogen, provided that at least one of A and D is nitrogen; E and G are carbon, substituted by R¹; and X is I, Cl or Br: comprising activating compound of Formula 7

to halide with a standard halogenating reagent.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the halogenating agent is halophosphorous.
 6. The method of claim 4 wherein the halophosphorous is phosphorous triiodide, phosphorous tribromide or phosphorous pentachloride.
 7. The method of claim 4 wherein A is nitrogen, and D is carbon.
 8. A method of preparing a compound of Formula 8

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, cyano, carboxamido, carboalkoxy of two to six carbon atoms, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino in which each alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanamido of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or alkanesulfonamido of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A and D are selected from carbon substituted by R¹ and nitrogen, provided that at least one of A and D is nitrogen; E and G are carbon, substituted by R¹; and R′″ is an aryl- or alkyl-sulfonate; comprising activating the hydroxy moiety of the compound of formula 7

with aryl or alkyl sulfonyl chloride or with aryl or alkyl sulfonic anhydride in the presence of a base.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein A is nitrogen and D is carbon.
 10. A method of preparing a compound of Formula 7

wherein R¹ is hydrogen, hydroxy, halo, cyano, carboxamido, carboalkoxy of two to six carbon atoms, alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanoyloxy of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino in which each alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkanamido of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or alkanesulfonamido of 1 to 6 carbon atoms; A and D are selected from carbon substituted by R¹ and nitrogen, provided that at least one of A and D is nitrogen; and E and G are carbon, substituted by R¹; comprising debenzylating a compound of Formula 6

where R″ is benzyl or substituted benzyl.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein A is nitrogen, and D is carbon. 